Emotion Review, Volume 14, Issue 2, Page 132-160, April 2022. Autonomic nervous system activity is a fundamental component of emotional responding. It is not clear, however, whether positive emotional states are associated with differential ANS reactivity. To address this issue, we conducted a meta-analytic review of 120 articles, measuring ANS activity during 11 elicited positive emotions, namely amusement, attachment love, awe, contentment, craving, excitement, gratitude, joy, nurturant love, pride, and sexual desire. We identified a widely dispersed collection of studies. Univariate (...) results indicated that positive emotions produce no or weak and highly variable increases in ANS reactivity. However, the limitations of work to date – which we discuss – mean that our conclusions should be treated as empirically grounded hypotheses that future research should validate. (shrink)

The renewed engagement with Aristotle’s concept of practical wisdom in management and organization studies is reflective of the wider turn towards practice sweeping across many disciplines. In this sense, it constitutes a welcome move away from the traditional rationalist, abstract, and mechanistic modes of approaching ethical decision-making. Within the current engagement, practical wisdom is generally conceptualized, interpreted or read as a form of deliberation or deliberative judgement that is also cognizant of context, situatedness, particularity, lived experience, and so on. We (...) argue that while this way of conceptualizing practical wisdom moves closer to practice in accounting for the concrete and particular reality within which individuals enact ethics, it does not adequately account for practice in the ontological and relational sense posited in practice theories. Practical wisdom conceptualized on the _deliberative_ dimension still retains a higher emphasis on distinct entities (individuals/institutions), reflexive agency, conscious mental states, goal-directed action, and intentionality. In other words, it puts a higher stress on individual _wisdom_, as opposed to _practice_ or the relational interaction of the individual and social inhering in practice. We offer an alternative conceptualization of practical wisdom based on the _dispositional_ mode of being in the world which is rarely deliberate, intentional, or reflective. Our conceptualization integrates Aristotle’s original ethical framework, which is already embedded in a practice-based ontology, with insights from practice theories to show how practical wisdom is intuitively channelled in the _dispositional_ mode in a given social configuration of virtues/ends. (shrink)

Traditional theories of moral development emphasize the role of controlled cognition in mature moral judgment, while a more recent trend emphasizes intuitive and emotional processes. Here we test a dual-process theory synthesizing these perspectives. More specifically, our theory associates utilitarian moral judgment (approving of harmful actions that maximize good consequences) with controlled cognitive processes and associates non-utilitarian moral judgment with automatic emotional responses. Consistent with this theory, we find that a cognitive load manipulation selectively interferes with utilitarian judgment. This interference (...) effect provides direct evidence for the influence of controlled cognitive processes in moral judgment, and utilitarian moral judgment more specifically. (shrink)

Understanding arithmetic word problems involves a complex interaction of text comprehension and mathematical processes. This article presents a computer simulation designed to capture the working memory demands required in “bottomup” comprehension of arithmetic word problems. The simulation's sentence‐level parser and text integration component reflect the importance of processing the problem from its original natural language presentation. Children's probability of solution was analyzed in exploratory regression analyses as a function of the simulation's sentence‐level and text integration processes. Working memory variables measuring (...) the combined effects of concepts to remember and text integration inferences account for a significant proportion of variance in children's solution probabilities across the first four grade levels (K‐3). Consistent with previous results from others, which highlighted the significance of small changes in problem wording, the simulation offers a process‐oriented perspective as to why natural language presentation constrains the comprehension of mathematical relationships. (shrink)

BackgroundPreprint usage is growing rapidly in the life sciences; however, questions remain on the relative quality of preprints when compared to published articles. An objective dimension of quality that is readily measurable is completeness of reporting, as transparency can improve the reader’s ability to independently interpret data and reproduce findings.MethodsIn this observational study, we initially compared independent samples of articles published in bioRxiv and in PubMed-indexed journals in 2016 using a quality of reporting questionnaire. After that, we performed paired comparisons (...) between preprints from bioRxiv to their own peer-reviewed versions in journals.ResultsPeer-reviewed articles had, on average, higher quality of reporting than preprints, although the difference was small, with absolute differences of 5.0% [95% CI 1.4, 8.6] and 4.7% [95% CI 2.4, 7.0] of reported items in the independent samples and paired sample comparison, respectively. There were larger differences favoring peer-reviewed articles in subjective ratings of how clearly titles and abstracts presented the main findings and how easy it was to locate relevant reporting information. Changes in reporting from preprints to peer-reviewed versions did not correlate with the impact factor of the publication venue or with the time lag from bioRxiv to journal publication.ConclusionsOur results suggest that, on average, publication in a peer-reviewed journal is associated with improvement in quality of reporting. They also show that quality of reporting in preprints in the life sciences is within a similar range as that of peer-reviewed articles, albeit slightly lower on average, supporting the idea that preprints should be considered valid scientific contributions. (shrink)

Cet article se penche sur une figure de l’imaginaire collectif, à savoir Mickey Mouse. Cette souris sympathique qui a fait le tour du globe dans les années 1930 est devenue l’animal héraldique du triomphe des économies pulsionnelles et d’une mercantilisation du rêve de bonheur. En partant d’une réflexion sur la contiguïté entre l’activité ludique et l’art de l’animation, l’article tente d’aborder la question de « l’esthétisation de la politique » par le biais du jeu. Une référence constante à la fonction (...) du conte dans le monde enfantin nous permet d’articuler quelques enjeux de ce que W. Benjamin analyse, dans son essai sur L’Œuvre d’art à l’époque de sa reproductibilité technique, sous le terme de « seconde technique ». (shrink)

L’idée de l’article est de mettre en exergue l’approche critique et matérialiste de Benjamin à travers sa lecture de Proust. Benjamin dispose d’une série de concepts plus ou moins définis qui permettent d’établir une critique transversale des œuvres choisies dans l’histoire. La remémoration et la présentification, la peinture et la photographie, l’aura et l’expérience du choc façonnent une volonté qui produit de façon artificielle l’expérience de la durée. Or, la réussite de cette entreprise artistique dépend également de l’évolution historique des (...) moyens techniques qui sont à son service. (shrink)

Les passions constituent au sein de l’anthropologie sceptique de Montaigne un milieu naturel où chacun doit puiser les ressources nécessaires pour se déterminer à agir. Tel est le paradoxe de leur traitement dans les Essais : loin de constituer un obstacle à surmonter, celles qui circulent entre l’âme et le corps, tant qu’elles conservent leur assise matérielle, contiennent la propension des esprits trop vifs à vouloir s’affranchir de l’humanité, et de manière plus générale, entretiennent une saine agitation qui permet de (...) renouer avec un mode d’être où le corps, réhabilité comme guide de l’existence humaine, alimente le désir d’y persévérer. (shrink)

Ce texte est l'introduction d'un dossier remarquable de la Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, n° 136, 2014, p. 13-183, entièrement disponible ici. Nous remercions Sylvia Chiffoleau de nous avoir autorisé à le reproduire sur RHUTHMOS. Les contributions de ce numéro se proposent d'explorer quelques-unes des multiples facettes du temps. Lorsqu'on aborde la question du temps, il est convenu de rappeler la difficulté à appréhender celui-ci, en s'appuyant sur le célèbre aphorisme de Saint - Histoire – Nouvel (...) article. (shrink)

Il s'agit d'interroger la pertinence de l'identification entre scepticisme et fidéisme faite par Richard H. Popkin dans son ouvrage intitulé Histoire du scepticisme d'Érasme à Spinoza. La remise en cause de l'articulation opérée par cet auteur entre doute et croyance, et de manière plus générale entre scepticisme et religion, conduit à contester le rôle de la foi religieuse dans ce qui est présenté par Popkin comme la quête sceptique de la vérité. Cette critique a pour fin de proposer une approche (...) plus conceptuelle du scepticisme moderne qui, à la différence de l'approche historique de Popkin (fondée sur la considération de l'origine du scepticisme moderne, la crise religieuse de la Renaissance), prend en compte la dimension éthique, trop souvent inaperçue, de cette philosophie. (shrink)

Dans le silence qui entoure la question du temps et des temporalités dans l’espace oriental, l’ouvrage Les Ottomans et le temps constitue une contribution novatrice et précieuse. On ne peut que regretter qu’il ait fallu attendre près de dix ans pour prendre connaissance des résultats de travaux commencés dès 2003-2004 dans le cadre d’un séminaire de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales, inscrit dans la continuité du travail fondateur de Louis Bazin sur Les systèmes chronologiques d..

Descartes est de manière générale peu enclin à reconnaître ce qu’il doit à ses prédécesseurs. Sa relation avec les sceptiques grecs est d’autant plus difficile à identifier qu’elle a été paradoxalement occultée par la réception sceptique de son œuvre : en dépit de l’incontestable apport néo-académicien dans la rédaction de l’argumentaire des Méditations, l’entreprise cartésienne a été interprétée comme inaugurant un scepticisme radical et inédit par lequel la rupture avec la tradition serait consommée. Pourtant, Descartes utilise le scepticisme de la (...) Nouvelle Académie, et notamment l’argument du sorite, pour critiquer la tradition philosophique dans son ensemble et donner une licence telle à son esprit qu’aucune connaissance ou même croyance ne pouvait être préservée a priori. L’incertain n’est pas pour autant totalement évincé de sa philosophie qui, en science comme en morale, hérite de la conception sceptique de la vraisemblance, telle qu’elle a été transmise par les Académiques de Cicéron. (shrink)

This article examines the place of gender and gendered identities both in representations of "the state" and the substance of social policy under the early Third Republic in France. In conceiving programs of assistance for abandoned or endangered children at the end of the nineteenth century, representatives of the state drew upon broad representation of the state and its relationship to the populace at large which universalized male identities and suppressed feminine specificity. The use of familial metaphors and the gendering (...) of the valid subject of the future was intrinsic to a process of interpreting collective and individual experience as the foundation for new institutions and new social policies. The case of the Ecole d'Yzeure, a state vocational school founded in 1887 exclusively for the training of female state wards, illustrates the manner in which the French Third Republic was forced to confront the ideological and practical contradictions imposed by its attribution--and suppression--of gendered identities. By the middle of the twentieth century, the Ecole d'Yzeure virtually disappeared from both the institutional infrastructure and the historical memory of Public Assistance in France, the victim of paradox and the state's fear of its own moral culpability; in producing female workers unable to support themselves on their "honest" wages or to resist the material and moral seductions of urban life, authorities came to admit that they had implicated the state itself in the "corruption" of women workers in nineteenth-century France. At a deeper level, the category of the state-produced "woman worker" proved irreconcilable with the larger historical and ideological frame within which Third Republic officials constructed the paradigms and institutions of state assistance to children. (shrink)

D’après Montaigne, la guerre et la paix sont l’expression de deux tendances naturelles en l’homme : tendance à la destruction et à la cruauté d’une part, tendance à l’affection et à la compassion d’autre part. Y a-t-il un bon usage de la conflictualité ? Les Essais montrent que cette dernière n’est pas incompatible avec le lien social, et qu’elle peut même le servir, mais à condition d’élaborer des modèles de vivre ensemble dans la conflictualité, sur la base d’une éthique de (...) la différence, et non du mythe de sa suppression. C’est dans ce cadre que l’essai ou mise à l’épreuve de soi auprès des autres par la parole permet d’envisager une fraternité laïque.According to Montaigne, war and peace reflect two natural tendencies in human nature : a tendency towards destruction and cruelty on the one hand, a tendency towards affection and compassion on the other hand. Is it possible to make good use of conflict ? Montaigne’s Essays show that this latter can go along with social link, that sometimes it even begins to serve it, provided that we can elaborate patterns of living together among conflict, on the basis of an ethics of difference, instead of the myth of its suppression. In this frame, the essay of the self in connection with other people by words, allows to think fraternity in a non religious way. (shrink)

Difficile à lire, connu de réputation pour ses objections aux Méditations de Descartes, sa réhabilitation d'Épicure et des atomes, voire le caractère ambigu de ses relations avec les "libertins", Pierre Gassendi est un personnage un peu flou dans notre galerie de portraits imaginaire. Il fut cependant un auteur important, lu, connu, approuvé ou critiqué dans toute l'Europe, surtout par les savants qui voulaient fonder efficacement leur physique moderne sans renier pour autant les acquis des anciens. Les études réunies ici ont (...) cherché comme la trace et le reflet de l'œuvre de Gassendi dans les écrits d'autres auteurs qui ont vécu de son temps et jusqu'à la fin des Lumières - non seulement en France -, mais aussi en Angleterre (comme Walter Charleton, John Locke, David Hume ou Robert Boyle), en Hollande (professeurs d'Université), en Allemagne (Leibniz), en Pologne (Sociniens et "libertins"), en Italie du Nord (comme le jésuite milanais Thommaso Ceva), en Italie du Sud (comme le fondateur de l'Accademia degli Investiganti Tommaso Cornelio ou Giambattista Vico), en Espagne enfin (comme le médecin Martínez). Aujourd'hui encore Gassendi fait des adeptes parmi ceux que séduisent les chemins non battus de l'effort gratuit et de l'érudition austère, ceux que ravit absolument une certaine esthétique baroque de l'esprit pur. (shrink)

Si l’on conçoit le lien à la fois comme préexistant et nécessairement emprunté, il n’y a aucune nécessité à le valoriser socialement et politiquement selon le modèle de la fusion communautaire, où les individus ne feraient qu’un. Nous voudrions montrer à partir de cette considération, d’une part que Montaigne promeut une communauté de la différence, dans un bon usage de la conflictualité inhérente à l’ambivalence des désirs, d’autre part qu’il ne valorise pas pour autant l’organisation de la servitude dans le (...) règne de la concupiscence par la réduction des liens sociopolitiques à la sphère trompeuse des apparences, où la civilité, au fond, ne serait que haine. À la différence de Pascal, le lien est en effet pour Montaigne ce par quoi nous accédons à l’identité et l’estime de soi, dans les structures mêmes de l’aliénation : « notre condition singeresse et imitatrice » est la condition de notre humanisation dans et par la vie sociale qui repose sur le regard de l’autre et le partage de la parole. Il faudra dans ces conditions présenter les modalités de cette parole qui fait lien, parce qu’elle fait « foi », en la distinguant de notre relation à la sainte parole, comme d’un dire hypocrite qui ne tient les hommes que par « la langue ». (shrink)

Dans son Histoire du scepticisme d’Erasme à Spinoza (chap. 2), Richard H. Popkin identifie trois sources par lesquelles le scepticisme de l’Antiquité est parvenu jusqu’aux penseurs de la Renaissance : les œuvres de Sextus Empiricus, les ouvrages sceptiques de Cicéron et les comptes rendus sur le scepticisme de Diogène Laërce. Ce dernier étant un doxographe qui fait état aussi bien des deux autres sources, il faut convenir que le sceptici.

Dans son Histoire du scepticisme d’Erasme à Spinoza (chap. 2), Richard H. Popkin identifie trois sources par lesquelles le scepticisme de l’Antiquité est parvenu jusqu’aux penseurs de la Renaissance : les œuvres de Sextus Empiricus, les ouvrages sceptiques de Cicéron et les comptes rendus sur le scepticisme de Diogène Laërce. Ce dernier étant un doxographe qui fait état aussi bien des deux autres sources, il faut convenir que le sceptici...

The high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases demands a reliable and sensitive risk assessment technique. In order to develop a fast and label-free immunosensor for C-reactive protein, a risk factor for this condition, anti-CRP antibodies were physically adsorbed to the hydrogen -terminated surface of nanocrystalline diamond. An Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay reference technique showed that this was a suitable substrate for antibody-antigen recognition reactions. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy was used to electronically detect CRP recognition. The specificity of the immunosensor was demonstrated by incubation (...) with CRP and plasminogen as reference molecule. A different impedance behavior was observed in real-time after CRP addition as compared to plasminogen addition: the impedance increased only during CRP incubation. Fitting the data showed that this corresponded with a decrease in capacitance of the molecular layer due to its increased thickness by specific CRP recognition. Sensitivity experiments in real-time showed a clear discrimination between 1 μM, 100 nM, and 10 nM of CRP after 10 min at 100 Hz. Since, 10 nM of CRP was still clearly distinguishable from buffer solution, our CRP-directed immunosensor prototype reaches a sensitivity that is within the physiologically relevant concentration range of this biomarker in healthy controls and CVD patients. Moreover, this prototype displayed real-time discriminating power between spiked and unspiked serum, and thus also shows its applicability in this biological matrix. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. (shrink)

À partir de 1643, la querelle catholique de la grâce voit l’affrontement de trois partis théologiques, celui des jésuites, acquis au molinisme, celui des dominicains, défenseurs du thomisme, et celui des jansénistes, partisans d’un retour au strict augustinisme mais soucieux également de se défendre des accusations d’hérésie en mettant en avant leur conformité au thomisme. Le présent article tente de suivre l’évolution des différents courants au temps de la crise de 1655–1657 en utilisant les textes contemporains de Blaise Pascal comme (...) observatoire et en montrant comment les jansénistes ont peu à peu liquidé la solution moyenne d’un thomisme molinisant. (shrink)

In this paper I wish to comment upon the use of polemical argument in philosophy of education and education. Like Foucault, I believe that a whole morality is at stake because polemical argument obfuscates the search for truth at the expense of truth and the other’s veracity, integrity and dignity. The use of polemics is illustrated by two arguments. The first general argument is taken from an attack upon Albert Camus by the British writer Colin Wilson. The second more particular (...) example is taken from attacks in New Zealand by the State Department of Education upon the educational ideas of the novelist and educator Sylvia Ashton-Warner. Finally I discuss how polemics might be countered in education. (shrink)

Introduction -- Moral reasoning from a cosmopolitan perspective : the problem of culture -- Culturalism and moral reasoning -- Towards a moral conceptual base of culture -- Cosmopolitanism : a definition and the question of tolerance -- Who owns culture : a moral cosmopolitan inquiry -- Culture-faith : the mystification of culture -- Culture-faith applied : cultural privacy and the ownership of native culture -- Counter arguments against applied culture faith : the right to cultural privacy -- Representation without authorization (...) -- Who has the right to speak for whom? -- Ethnocide or culture killings : is it so bad? -- Dismantling the tribes from within : modernization and the capabilities approach -- Moral culture is public culture : cosmopolitanism and culture warfare -- Sylvia Plath : daddy and the creation of moral culture -- Moral incommensurability and the clash of cultures -- The anatomy of anti-assimilationism and the logic of contagion -- The cult of death and the worship of ancestry : the genesis of group arcissism -- The psychopathology of tribalism : an exposé -- The tribalist as moral appropriator -- Symbolic ethnicity -- Ethnic vs. ethnic : the problem of definition -- Tribalism, untouchability, and human slime -- The art of symbolic necrophilia -- Imagistic and emblematic representations : tribal epistemology and the impossibility of knowing the other -- Moral masochism and Black identity : a tragic tale -- Jim in Africa -- Theorizing post humanity : radical inclusion, Jews as the chosen people, and the identity politics of St. Paul -- Laissez-faire existential engagement -- Post human in the flesh : Jews and the fragility of chosennes -- How God became a cosmopolitan -- The identity politics of St. Paul. (shrink)

Noradrenergic pathways are involved in mediating the central and peripheral effects of physiological arousal. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of noradrenergic transmission in moral decision-making. We studied the effects in healthy volunteers of propranolol (a noradrenergic beta-adrenoceptor antagonist) on moral judgement in a set of moral dilemmas pitting utilitarian outcomes (e.g., saving five lives) against highly aversive harmful actions (e.g., killing an innocent person) in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group design. Propranolol (40 mg orally) (...) significantly reduced heart rate, but had no effect on self-reported mood. Importantly, propranolol made participants more likely to judge harmful actions as morally unacceptable, but only in dilemmas where harms were ‘up close and personal’. In addition, longer response times for such personal dilemmas were only found for the placebo group. Finally, judgments in personal dilemmas by the propranolol group were more decisive. These findings indicate that noradrenergic pathways play a role in responses to moral dilemmas, in line with recent work implicating emotion in moral decision-making. However, contrary to current theorising, these findings also suggest that aversion to harming is not driven by emotional arousal. Our findings are also of significant practical interest given that propranolol is a widely used drug in different settings, and is currently being considered as a potential treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder in military and rescue service personnel. (shrink)

Rasmussen (1993) argues that, because electron microscopists did not use robustness and would not have been warranted in using it as a criterion for the reality or the artifactuality of mesosomes, the bacterial mesosome serves as a test case for robustness that it fails. I respond by arguing that a more complete reading of the research literature on the mesosome shows that ultimately the more robust body of data did not support the mesosome and that electron microscopists used and were (...) warranted in using robustness as a criterion for the artifactuality of mesosomes. (shrink)

This article discusses how the concept of a fair finite lottery can best be extended to denumerably infinite lotteries. Techniques and ideas from non-standard analysis are brought to bear on the problem.

Non-Archimedean probability functions allow us to combine regularity with perfect additivity. We discuss the philosophical motivation for a particular choice of axioms for a non-Archimedean probability theory and answer some philosophical objections that have been raised against infinitesimal probabilities in general.

This collection of essays analyzes relations of social inequality that appear to be logical extensions of a "natural order," and in the process demonstrates that a revitalized feminist anthropology of the 1990s has much to offer the field of feminist theory. Fashioned as a response to the lack of cultural analysis in feminist scholarship, the contributors question the category of gender within the inclusive context of the structural dynamics of inequality. They also examine how cultural identities, domains and institutions affect (...) our perception of gender in society. The first selection of essays addresses how ideas of family and kinship have fostered society's hierarchies and legitimized the status quo. In part two, the essays show how several dimensions of inequality are implicit in the construction of identities that are based upon ideas of social solidarity. Contributors: Susan McKinnon, University of Virginia; Kath Weston, Arizona State West; Rayna Rapp, New School for Social Research; Janet Dolgin, Hofstra University; Harriet Whitehead, Duke University; Carol Delaney, Stanford University; Brackette Williams, University of Arizona; Sylvia Yanagisako, Stanford University; Phyllis Chock, Catholic University; Sherry Ortner, University of Michigan; Anna Tsing, University of California, Santa Cruz. (shrink)

Søren Kierkegaard's 13 communion discourses constitute a distinct genre among the various forms of religious writing composed by Kierkegaard. Originally published at different times and places, Kierkegaard himself believed that these discourses served as a unifying element in his work and were crucial for understanding his religious thought and philosophy as a whole. Written in an intensely personal liturgical context, the communion discourses prepare the reader for participation in this rite by emphasizing the appropriate posture for forgiveness of sins and (...) confession. (shrink)